Compared with the factor analysis technique or item response theory (IRT), the CDMs provide an alternative psychometric framework for test development, psychometric analyses, and score reporting. Although a number of CDMs are available, it’s not always clear which model should be chosen for a given data set. TP: revising the work critically for important intellectual content, substantial contributions to analysis and interpretation of data for the work, final approval of the version to be published, and accountability for all aspects of the work. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000626, Burke, A. L., Mathias, J. L., and Denson, L. A. (2012). Again, this result emerged for interview- (ICD-10) and questionnaire- (CES-D) based depression but it was not significant anymore after correction for multiple testing. J. Behav. This dues to that the CDMs have the unique feature that can provide rich information in terms of whether the participants have met each symptom and of estimating the probability of having mild, moderate, and severe depressive disorder. Organization WH. The pain disability index: psychometric properties. The number of items measuring each symptom criteria varies from 4 to 22 with an average of 10.4. Larger sample should be considered to stabilize the parameter estimation. Am. Psychometrika 76, 179–199. Results are reported both without and with Bonferroni correction of the significance level. The individual treatment contained physical therapy (0.5 h twice a week), doctor’s appointment (0.5 h twice a week), and psychotherapy (1 h per week). However, the category should still be used if there is evidence of . Altogether, it would be reasonable to conduct a study in the future which compares several depression questionnaires, for example BDI, CES-D, and PHQ-9, and several clinical interviews based on ICD-10 as well as DSM 5, like SCID or CIDI, within one investigation. (2006), internet addition in Tu et al. Gibbons, R. D., Weiss, D. J., Pilkonis, P. A., Frank, E., Moore, T., Kim, J. However, they differ in their symptom profiles. Typically, physicians, nurses, psychologists, physical therapists, and occupational therapists are involved in multidisciplinary pain management programs (Gatchel et al., 2014). Psychol. depression (single episode) F32.89 recurrent episode F33.8. For example, this proposed measure aims to screen and monitor ICD and DSM-based depression, therefore it may provide a beneficial supplement to a clinician, especially when the patients cannot clearly and directly report whether all the symptoms defined in DSM or ICD are present. Over 5 weeks groups of an average of 8 patients participated in an outpatient program (Monday to Friday) consisting of standardized group therapy and individual treatment. Broderick, J. E., Keefe, F. J., Schneider, S., Junghaenel, D. U., Bruckenthal, P., Schwartz, J. E., et al. J. Psychiatry J. Eine Standortbestimmung. Jaeger, J., Tatsuoka, C., Berns, S. M., and Varadi, F. (2006). Sci. Men. Content validity was examined as well in terms of whether the CDMs-D measures all the depression symptoms defined in ICD-10 and covers all the domains of depression defined by Gibbons et al. Nurs. Based on individuals’ responses to items of the CDMs-D and the aforementioned item and symptom association matrix, CDMs estimate the symptom profile for each individual. 14, 798–804. J. Educ. The G-DINA model, like most other CDMs, is a psychometric model specifying how individuals respond to each item given their symptom criteria. For illustration, score reports for four individuals (three patients and one healthy individual) were displayed in Figure 3. Front. Behav. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. TO: language and final approval, revising the work, interpretation of data, and accountability for all aspects of the work. auses In addition, the addictive CDM (A-CDM; de la Torre, 2011), linear logistic model (LLM; Maris, 1999) and reduced reparameterized unified model (rRUM; Hartz et al., 2002) can be obtained by assuming all symptom criteria contribute independently and uniquely without interaction effects. Pain 152, 2399–2404. 30, 251–275. Applicable To. Psychol. Meas. This major depression index MDI calculator screens the presence and severity of a depressive disorder based on the most commonly met clinical symptoms. It should be kept in mind that the findings are correlational and should be interpreted with caution. It is the CDMs that make these inferences possible, but the CDMs need to be used with cautions. Rev. J. Psychol. 67, 73–86. 25, 258–272. Depression among chronic pain patients: cognitive-behavioral analysis and effect on rehabilitation outcome. Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. The conducted pain treatment was a multimodal pain management program consisting of multiple treatment methods and was conducted by different physical and psychological specialists. Case identification in psychiatric epidemiology: a review. Different from the existing self-report questionnaires for depression, the CDMs-D can assess how likely each of the symptom criteria of depression in the ICD-10 has been met for each patient, and estimate the probability of having mild, moderate and severe depressive episode using the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(90)90068-o, Turner, J. The 2023 edition of ICD-10-CM F41.8 became effective on October 1, 2022. Arch. Mayo Clin. Meas. Physiological components address medication, exercise, surgery, sleep, psychological components address cognitions, emotions, behaviors, attention, social components address healthcare, family, and work. Objective: We compared the concurrent validity of several tests for screening depression in pediatric care with respect to ICD-10 depression diagnoses in medically ill children: the German version of the Children's Depression Inventory (Depressionsinventar für Kinder und Jugendliche, DIKJ), the scale Dysphoria of the Depression Test for Children (Depressionstest für Kinder, DTK), and the . Mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. ICD-10 Online contains the ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision) ICD-10 Version:2010. . In this article, the symptom criteria for depression in the ICD-10 were used in that the ICD-10 distinguishes three types of depression (mild, moderate or severe/major depression) and thus could provide more information. 99, 260–263. One reason for the diverging results may be the use of different methods to assess depression. Form a very different perspective, this study aims to develop a new measure of depression that is aligned with the ICD-10 to provide more information for the screening and monitoring of depression under the framework of cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs; see Rupp et al., 2010). (2012). Discover more about the criteria taken in consideration and the score interpretation below the form. (2014). Z00.1*- Well-child check /Encounter for newborn, infant and child health examinations, including routine developmental screening. F33.1 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. All pain outcomes improved from pre- to post-treatment in each of these four groups (p < 0.001). Future research should use more than one interview and questionnaire to assess depression, since our results are limited to the clinical ICD-10 interview and the CES-D. A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies investigating chronic pain revealed prevalence estimates from 8.7 to 64.4 percent depending on how chronic pain was defined (Steingrímsdóttir et al., 2017). Der Test basiert auf den Regeln des ICD-10, dem Diagnosesystem der WHO und differenziert zwischen leichter, mittlerer und schwerer Depression. Kerns, R. D., and Haythornthwaite, J. Pain 127, 276–286. The total sample was randomly split into two subsamples. However, these symptom-level information of depression are helpful for assessment, screening, monitoring and even intervention of depression. Resilience, depression, and quality of life in elderly individuals with chronic pain followed up in an outpatient clinic in the city of são Paulo, Brazil. R Package GDINA (version 0.9.9.8). Proc. Specifically, it is possible to infer about whether each of the symptom criteria has been satisfied or not from patients’ responses to items in an instrument. (1995). A disorder characterized by repeated episodes of depression, the current episode being of moderate severity, as in F32.1, and without any history of mania. All subjects gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Additionally, depression frequency increases with higher age (Morete et al., 2018). Dennis, C. L., Brown, H. K., and Morrell, J. (2008). doi: 10.1177/014662167700100306, Rayner, L., Hotopf, M., Petkova, H., Matcham, F., Simpson, A., and McCracken, L. M. (2016). A randomized controlled trial assigning patients with or without depression to either multimodal pain management treatment or a control condition would have a higher internal validity. Additionally, it can be seen that Patient B has a very high posterior probability of having symptom C8 (ideas or acts of self-harm or suicide) but Patient C and Patient D have very low probabilities. For instance, a large study evaluating the world mental health surveys of multiple western as well as developing countries showed a pooled odds ratio for depression among pain patients of 2.3 (CI: 2.1, 2.5) (Demyttenaere et al., 2007). Figures 1, 2 show the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the mean CDMs-D score and the mean probability of having depressive disorder, respectively, for individuals with or without depression defined by the SDS or self-reported depression. Based on the posterior probability of satisfying each symptom criterion, we can calculate the probability of having each symptom criteria profile and the probability of being considered as mild, moderate or severe depression. Data were collected from patients with chronic not malignant pain, treated in the pain clinic in Weiden, Germany, between 2006 and 2010. Psychol. Hautzinger, M. (2016). The Wald test (de la Torre, 2011; Ma et al., 2016) was proposed to evaluate whether the reduced CDM can be replaced by the saturated CDM without significant loss in model-fit (de la Torre, 2011), and the results of Ma et al. (2015). The validated instrument shows internal consistency values between 0.72 and 0.92 (Cronbach’s Alpha) (Geissner, 1996). B. SF: drafting the work, substantial contributions to the conception and design of the work, analysis and interpretation of data for the work, final approval of the version to be published, and accountability for all aspects of the work. Göttingen: Hogrefe. J. Clin. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. (A) Individual A, (B) Patient B, (C) Patient C, and (D) Patient D. Criteria C1, C2, and C3 represent three typical symptoms; criteria C4–C10 represent seven common criteria in ICD-10 in Table 1. (2017). Neurother. Nevertheless, these results do not support our hypothesis that depression differentially predicts pain outcomes depending on the operationalization of depression. These results were significant after correction for multiple testing as well. Pain 92, 195–200. Reliability and validity studies of the WHO-composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI): a critical review. Psychol. (2009) revealed comparable screening of interview-based depression and depression assessed with a questionnaire. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.12.019, Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Veronese, N., Thompson, T., Fornaro, M., Schofield, P., et al. Arch. Comparative validity of three screening questionnaires for DSM-IV depressive disorders and physicians’ diagnoses. Arch. doi: 10.1007/s11336-013-9362-0, Templin, J. L., and Bradshaw, L. (2013). In the following paragraph, we embed our results in the literature. J. schwerer depressiver Episode, bei denen auch Psychosen auftauchen können, macht die Notwendigkeit einer fachärztlichen Kontrolle deutlich. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Dennis, C. L., and Hodnett, E. (2014). Depression is one of the most common and prevalent psychological and behavioral disorders. Measure. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00237-9, McCracken, L. M., and Turk, D. C. (2002). Sci. The study also had exclusion criteria to screen the healthy individuals: history of psychosis, schizoaffective disorder, or schizophrenia; any diagnosis or treatment for psychiatric illness over the past year. After that, the remained 58 items were analyzed with the cross validation sample (N1 = 590). Stat. The CES-D shows good reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha > 0.90) and validity values (correlation with other self-rating instruments for depressive symptoms between r = 0.64 and r = 0.88) (Hautzinger, 2016). Spine 27, 2564–2573. Arch. Psychological functioning of people living with chronic pain: a meta-analytic review. 32, 679–691. Depression Test nach ICD-10 - Teste Dich 10 Fragen - Erstellt von: Benno Blues - Aktualisiert am: 15.11.2013 - 122.923 mal aufgerufen - User-Bewertung: 3,7 von 5 - 9 Stimmen - 9 Personen gefällt es For more details on these models, please refer to de la Torre (2011). Selecting suitable CDM is deemed to be a critical procedure for making valid inferences. Depression in chronic pain patients: prevalence and measurement. Ferraz, M. B., Quaresma, M., Aquino, L., Atra, E., Tugwell, P., and Goldsmith, C. (1990). (2009) already compared both assessment methods, they did not include pain treatment outcome. 2017:9724371. doi: 10.1155/2017/9724371. Patients B, C, and D are all classified as having moderate depressive disorder by the CDMs-D (with the estimated posterior probability of 0.99, 0.99, 0.63, respectively), which is consistent to the results of their psychotherapists and SDS. buses or planes. Med. A., Hartwich-Tersek, J., and Rief, W. (2010). B., Gibbon, M., and First, M. B. (2016). Relation between catastrophizing and depression in chronic pain patients. Geneva: World Health Organization. Detection of postnatal depression. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.04.019, Williamson, A., and Hoggart, B. J. Psychiatry J. A Bayesian Framework for the Unified Model for Assessing Cognitive Abilities: Blending Theory with Practicality. Three patients were chosen in that: (1) they were classified as moderate depression by their psychotherapists; (2) they had the same SDS score and were defined as moderate depression via the criterion of SDS; (3) they reported that they usually had considerable difficulty in continuing with social, work or domestic activities. Other clinical diagnoses were categorized as no depression diagnosis. PloS One 11:e0155431. Between 39 (NRS; 7.9% of the total sample) and 50 (PDI; 10.1% of the total sample) had missing values in the measures at post-treatment. However, considering our research questions, we compared participants with and without depression diagnosis for both measurements, respectively. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.07.005, Frettlöh, J., Maier, C., Gockel, H., and Hüppe, M. (2003). depression (single episode) F32.89. Pain 157:1472. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000542, Rost, F., Luyten, P., and Fonagy, P. (2018). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and ethical laws were applied. Der ICD 10 ist die internationale statistische Klassifikation von Krankheiten und verwandter Probleme der Gesundheit. Multidisciplinary pain treatment mostly consists of physiological, psychological, and social factors (bio-psycho-social model) (Gatchel et al., 2014). 91, 955–970. Grundsätzlich gilt, dass jeder Test nur einen Hinweis auf eine depressive Episode geben kann. Results of the multilevel models controlling for the respective pain scale at pre-treatment are presented in Table 5. The calibration sample (N1 = 591) was used in this step to develop the CDMs-D. Int. Furthermore, it aims at ascertaining whether one assessment method of depression is preferable for future research and clinical practice regarding the impact of depression on chronic pain. J. Clin. 18, 1269–1270. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Results showed that 56 items had high discrimination, good item-fit and no DIF except two items with low item fit. Specifically, 20 of them had low discrimination index (Disc < 0.4), 5 were DIF items and 10 showed poor item-fit (p < 0.01). Analysis of clinical data form cognitive diagnosis modeling framework. (2017). Each item measures at least one depression symptom criterion in ICD-10. J. Educ. In Step 1, the item fit analysis was carried out via S-X2 item fit statistic and items with poor fit (p-value of S-X2 less than 0.01) were deleted from the CDMs-D. The Numeric Rating Scale is an often used self-rating instrument to measure pain intensity in chronic pain patients with a scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain) (Joos et al., 1991; Jensen et al., 1999). The way depression was operationalized did not influence whether depression predicts pain outcomes or not. In the context of CDMs, 10 symptom criteria of depression in ICD-10 are treated as latent variables that need to be measured, each with two outcomes – 1 and 0, representing presence and absence, respectively. Hence, future studies should focus on pain type and duration. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-3984.2011.00158.x, de la Torre, J. For CDMs-D, the item and symptom association matrix was constructed using the Delphi method with three experts (two psychotherapists with more than 5 years of clinical experience and one with 5-year research experience in the measurement of depression). doctoral dissertation. 16, 287–297. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.001, Templin, J., and Bradshaw, L. (2014). Using the aforementioned item analysis procedure, 31 items were deleted with the calibration sample (N1 = 591). Based on ICD-10, the estimated probabilities of being normal, mild, moderate and severe depression are 0.81, 0.12, 0.06, and 0.01, respectively, which suggests that it is unlikely for him to have depressive disorder. Dev. Unlike classical test theory, factor analysis and IRT models, CDMs typically assume that latent variables are binary (Rupp et al., 2010). Nevertheless, they tend to be less useful in supporting the decision based on ICD-10 or DSM-5 because of the lack of detailed information for symptoms. Blatt (2004) identified a difference in the development and appearance of two subtypes of depression, the anaclitic and the introjective depression. Received: 16 May 2019; Accepted: 29 July 2019;Published: 20 August 2019. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. doi: 10.1007/s11336-011-9207-7. Res. 48, 255–273. Pieh et al. First, the current CDMs-D with 56 items is relatively long. Immer wieder fragen sich Menschen, ob sie eventuell unter einer Depression leiden, scheuen aber den Weg zum Hausarzt, geschweige denn zum Psychiater. Figure 2. This is the first study to measure the depressive disorder from the CDM perspective, though CDMs have been used as psychometric tools to analyze patient-reported outcomes, such as the pathological gambler in Templin and Henson (2006), neurocognitive functions in schizophrenia in Jaeger et al. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., and Abd-Allah, F. (2017). doi: 10.1177/01466216000241003, Philipp, M., Strobl, C., de la Torre, J., and Zeileis, A. The final selection of both depressive patients and healthy individuals were recruited according to the following exclusion criteria: history of psychosis, schizoaffective disorder, or schizophrenia; organic neuropsychiatric syndrome, such as dementia and Parkinson disease; drug or alcohol dependence over the past 3 months, but not excluded patients with episodic abuse related to mood episodes. (2003). (2012) found gender differences to have an influence on pain outcome after the therapy. The PHQ-9 is a multipurpose instrument for screening, diagnosing, monitoring and measuring the severity of depression: n The PHQ-9 incorporates DSM-IV depression diagnostic criteria with other leading major depressive symptoms into a brief self-report tool. Med. Mediators, moderators, and predictors of therapeutic change in cognitive–behavioral therapy for chronic pain. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31816719f5, Vilagut, G., Forero, C. G., Barbaglia, G., and Alonso, J. The CDMs-D is designed to be a self-report instrument and the ultimate goal is to infer whether an individual has satisfied each of the symptom criteria of depression defined in the ICD-10 and the probability of having mild, moderate and severe depressive episode from his or her responses. Clinical Description and Symptoms of Depression 51, 98–125. F33.2 Recurrent depressive disorder, current episode severe without psychotic symptoms. Concordance of the composite international diagnostic interview version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) with standardized clinical assessments in the WHO world mental health surveys. J. Educ. The 2023 edition of ICD-10-CM F33.9 became effective on October 1, 2022. Validity of four pain intensity rating scales. (2015) mention the CES-D and the BDI as the mostly used measurements of self-reported depressive symptoms, future research may for instance investigate these two questionnaires. Table 4. The proposed measure also has some latent contributions for the specifically assessing/screening for ICD and DSM-based depression. 17, 1022–1024. More precisely, we investigated semi-structured psychiatric interviews corresponding to the ICD-10 symptom checklist for mental disorders (Janca et al., 1994) and the German version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977). The information of symptom spectrum of each individual as showed in Figure 3 give insight into tailoring individual-specific treatments for depression. Most existing instruments for depression are developed based on classical test theory, factor analysis, or sometimes, item response theory, and focus on the accurate measurement of the severity of depressive disorder. This result emerged for interview- (ICD-10) and questionnaire- (CES-D) based depression. For pain outcomes, we investigated multiple pain dimensions (pain intensity, pain disability, affective pain, and sensory pain). The German version of the PDI shows a good internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha 0.88) (Dillmann et al., 1994), reveals a relatively low retest reliability (r = 0.44), and validation investigation showed relation to communicative behavior of pain patients (Tait et al., 1990). Psychiatry Res. At baseline, the Mainz Pain Staging System was used to assess the pain chronicity stage of the patients. Comparisons in pre-treatment variables between depressed and not depressed patients according to self-assessment questionnaire (CES-D). Schmerz. Diagnose durch einen Test mit der Skala für die Selbstbeurteilung einer Depression. 27, 459–469. Model similarity, model selection, and attribute classification. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Pain 158, 2092–2107. Dazu wird ein ICD 10 Depressionen Test durchgeführt. A review of McCracken and Turk (2002) revealed different predictors of the outcome of a behavioral and cognitive-behavioral pain treatment, including depression. Mental disorders among persons with chronic back or neck pain: results from the world mental health surveys. Table 2 presents the sample description and the comparisons in pre-treatment variables for the sample divided by CES-D depression. Although most of research on CDMs lies in the field of education measurement, researchers have been recently aware of their usefulness in psychological disorder assess for identifying individuals’ disorder or symptom profiles (e.g., Jaeger et al., 2006; Templin and Henson, 2006; de la Torre et al., 2017). 16:606. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x. However, the results on how depression affects the outcome of chronic pain treatments are ambivalent. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. The specific codes for depression in the ICD-10 are as follows F32.0 - Major depressive disorder, single episode F32.1 - Major depressive disorder, recurrent episode F32.2 - Major depressive disorder, single episode in remission Chronic pain and mental health disorders: shared neural mechanisms, epidemiology, and treatment. Moreover, another study reported an indirect relation between catastrophizing and depression via hope- and helplessness (Hülsebusch et al., 2016). 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. To address research question 2, the CES-D scores were dichotomized according to the cut-off [above/below cut-off 22 (Hautzinger, 2016)] and this CES-D-based depression variable (yes = 1/no = 0) was entered as dichotomous factor and pre-treatment scores of the respective pain rating as covariate. One study even reported that depression was associated with a better pain outcome (van der Hulst et al., 2008). The standardized group therapy comprised the CBT-oriented modules acceptance, stabilization, resolving conflicts and strengthening social competency, development of resources, as well as implementation in daily life (altogether 6 h per week). F33 Recurrent Depressive Disorder. (1992). In Step 2, for the remainder items in Step 1, DIF analysis was employed and items with DIF were excluded from the CDMs-D. Pain 83, 157–162. 23 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China. Epidemiol. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The Carroll rating scale for depression. New York, NY: The Gilford Press. When cognitive diagnosis meets computerized adaptive testing: CD-CAT. Let α = (α1,α2) denote the profile of these two criteria. Yet, this difference on the PDI between the CES-D depression group and the CES-D no depression group was not significant anymore after correction for multiple testing. Three studies applied pain intensity scales, like the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the PDI (Kerns and Haythornthwaite, 1988; van der Hulst et al., 2008; Glombiewski et al., 2010), which were applied in the current study, as well.